By Rodrique Ngowi
Sutton, Massachusetts - Thirteen-month-old Dominic Klatt stopped banging the furniture in the verandah, looked at his mother and clasped his right hand around his left wrist to signal that he needed to go to the bathroom.
His mother took the nappy-less tot to a tree in the yard, held him in a squatting position and made a gentle hissing sound - prompting the infant to relieve himself on cue before he rushed back to play.
Dominic is a product of a growing "nappy-free" movement founded on the belief that babies are born with an instinctive ability to signal when they have to answer nature's call. Parents who practise the so-called "elimination communication" learn to read their children's body language to help them recognise the need, and they mimic the sounds that a child associates with the bathroom.
Erinn Klatt began toilet training her son at birth and said he has not wet his bed at night since he was six months old.
"The nice part is... really getting the majority of poops in the toilet versus having to clean that," Klatt said. "I don't have to wake up at night and change diapers or have wet sheets anywhere. That's really nice.
"And being able to travel without a big, bloated diaper bag is terrific," she said.
Some parents and toilet training experts are sceptical.
"They teach them from birth? Oh, my!" said 40-year-old Lisa Bolcato, as she held her five-month-old daughter, Rose, at a park on Boston Common. "When you're getting two hours of sleep between feedings, I don't think that you have the time to do it. You just make sure that your child's healthy and happy and well-fed."
Still, the practice is common in many parts of rural Africa and Asia where parents cannot afford nappies.
In the United States, many of the parents are stay-at-home-mothers, but there are also working mothers. Some meet in online groups, at homes and in public parks to share experiences and cheer each others' efforts.
Experts at the Child Study Centre at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center say children younger than 12 months have no control over bladder or bowel movements and little control for six months after that.
But some parents begin going nappy-free at birth, and the infants can initiate bowel movements on cue as young as three to four months, said Elizabeth Parise, spokesperson of DiaperFreeBaby.org, a network of free support groups promoting the practice.
And unlike some methods of toilet training, there are no rewards or punishment associated with it.
Dr Mark Wolraich, professor of paediatrics and director of the Child Study Centre, said the practice essentially conditions young children to go to the bathroom at predictable times or show clear signs when they must go.
"To be truly toilet-trained, the child has to be able to have the sensation that they need to go, be able to interpret that sensation and be able to then tell the parent and take some action," said Wolraich, who is also editor of the American Academy of Paediatrics' book on toilet training.
"And that's different from reading the subtle signs that the child is making when they have to go to the bathroom."
Parents attempt the early training to forge closer ties with their infants, to reduce the environmental impact associated with nappies and to avoid skin irritation caused by a wet nappy, Parise said.
Others were inspired by observing the practice while travelling abroad.
The practice also enables parents to get insight into an infant's development since more accidents occur if a child falls sick or enters a new phase such as learning to crawl, walk or talk.
This is because an infant may be too distracted by illness or efforts to master a new skill to communicate the need to go to the bathroom, said Melinda Rothstein, an MIT business school graduate who co-founded DiaperFreeBaby.org.
She says finding a supportive daycare centre is the biggest challenge for parents who choose not to use nappies. Other problems include finding tiny underwear for nappy-free infants.
Isis Arnesen, 33, of Boston, has a 14-week-old daughter, Lucia, who is nappy-free. She said it can be awkward to explain the process to people, such as when she helped Lucia relieve herself in a sink at a public restroom.
"Sometimes I don't know what's going to happen and it doesn't work, and sometimes I feel a little embarrassed," Arnesen said. "It makes her happy though, right? She smiles, she's happy." - Sapa-AP
- For more information, visit the American Academy of Paediatrics website